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P R Y D A
R O O F
T R U S S E S
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES FOR TIMBER ROOF TRUSSES
P R Y D A
R O O F
T R U S S E S
CONTENTS SECTION 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
SCOPE AND GENERAL GENERAL APPLICATION DOCUMENTATION SERVICES ANCILLARY TIMBER TRANSPORT AND STORAGE SAFETY
SECTION 2 2.1 2.2 2.3
SUPPORTING STRUCTURE GENERAL LOAD-BEARING WALLS NON-LOAD-BEARING WALLS
SECTION 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
TRUSS INSTALLATION GENERAL SET OUT LIFTING FIRST TRUSS SUBSEQUENT TRUSSES ERECTION BRACING AND TOLERANCES
SECTION 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
ROOF BRACING GENERAL BATTENS TOP CHORDS BOTTOM CHORDS WEBS
SECTION 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
TRUSS CONNECTIONS GENERAL HIP ENDS GIRDERS VALLEYS OVERHANGS
SECTION 1
1.2 APPLICATION This document intends to apply to nailplate timber trusses within the following general limitations :a) Residential structures and light commercial structures b) Maximum roof pitch 45 degrees c) Maximum truss span 16m d) Maximum design wind speed of 70m /sec for limit state design methods.
1.3 DOCUMENTATION It is the builder’s responsibility to supply all of the relevant information required for the truss designs. It is recommended that the fabricator confirms all details prior to manufacture. 1.3.1 Layout A roof truss layout must be determined prior to erection, with the following points considered : a) Check dimensions of the supporting structure prior to manufacture b) Check the truss layout to identify the trusses c) Check that the supporting structure is adequate for the loads to be applied, especially where girder trusses are located, and lintels
SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 GENERAL Timber roof trusses are engineered and manufactured to an exacting standard which require special handling, erection and bracing techniques. To ensure that the expected performance is achieved, it is imperative that all relevant parties are familiar with the requirements set out in this document.
The guidelines in this document are a sub-set of the full Australian Standard® AS4440-2004 “Installation of nailplated timber trusses”, and as such should be read in conjunction with this Standard. Pryda Australia acknowledges Standards Australia for permission to reproduce some of the drawings and technical content from within AS4440-2004.
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Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
1.5 ANCILLARY TIMBER Check that adequate ancillary timber is available where required (eg for temporary bracing).
1.6 TRANSPORT AND STORAGE During transportation, in either the flat or upright positions, the trusses must be fully supported, taking care whilst tying down to avoid putting undue strain on the truss members. Trusses should be stored on the job site clear of the ground and kept flat to avoid distortion. All trusses should be inspected on delivery, and any damaged trusses reported to the fabricator immediately to ensure correct rectification. Trusses must not be modified on site without the prior written approval from the fabricator.
1.7 SAFETY The installation of timber roof trusses must adhere to the relevant safety work practices for the general construction of roofs. This will require that barriers or safety lines be installed at the appropriate time. These systems must not modify the trusses, not put loads onto the trusses, unless prior written approval is provided by the fabricator.
1.4 SERVICES 1.4.1 Hot Water Services Hot water services are best supported directly on internal walls, but where this is not possible, and the trusses are required to carry this load, the trusses either side of the service may be spaced up to double the normal spacing, up to a maximum of 1800mm, with a double laminated truss either side of this service. In this case the service must be located midway between these two double trusses, sitting on bearers located within 300mm of a truss bottom chord panel point.
SECTION 2
SUPPORTING STRUCTURE
2.1 GENERAL To ensure a satisfactory roof line on completion, the supporting structure must be plumb, and the load bearing top plates level. Care must be taken to ensure that the supporting structure is adequately designed and stable in its own right. All trusses are to be fixed to the supporting structure with appropriate fixings, typically Pryda Multigrips, etc. The selection of the fixing depends on the magnitude of the wind uplift. Refer to Section 5 for details.
1.4.2 Solar Hot Water Services For solar powered hot water services, with internally or externally mounted water storage tanks, refer to the truss fabricator for appropriate details.
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004)
June 2005
3
2.2 LOAD-BEARING WALLS This is where the full load from the roof trusses is supported on walls - generally the exterior perimeter walls, but may occasionally also include some internal walls.
2.3.1 Fixing to top plates of non-load-bearing walls a) Bracing wall
Refer to AS1684 –1999 “Residential Timber-framed Construction” for the plate, stud and lintel sizes and installation details. Heavy, concentrated loads such as from girders and truncated girders are best supported directly over studs, with special attention given to the load pathway all the way down the structure to the foundations.
2.2.1 Lintels Lintels must be correctly sized and supported in order to limit deflection. Lintels supporting heavy, concentrated loads will require a specific engineering design.
2.3 NON-LOAD-BEARING WALLS Non-load-bearing walls shall not carry any truss loading at any time, and shall not be packed to touch the underside of the truss. It is common to set non-load-bearing walls lower than the supporting walls by an amount equal to the depth of the ceiling battens plus 10mm. The truss is still required to stabilize the top of the wall, and this is done by using Pryda Partition Hitches which are nailed near the top of the vertical slots. Do not embed the nail heads fully home, as we must allow the truss to settle downwards as time passes and the camber comes out of the truss.
b) Non-bracing wall
If internal walls are required for support, the truss itself and the layout shall be marked accordingly, and this intention must be made very clear. The supporting structure, including footings, should be checked by the builder to allow for this load. For a wall that is not designated as a bracing unit, the top plate of such walls shall be stabilised at 1800mm centres maximum..
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Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
SECTION 3
TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.1 GENERAL The following recommendations are guidelines only, as the details are the responsibility of the roof truss erectors. Also refer to the Australian Standard® AS4440-2004 “Installation of nailplated timber trusses” for greater detail.
When positioning cantilever trusses, take care that they are the correct way around. Such trusses will have markings on the bottom chord showing the point of internal support.
3.2 SET OUT Prior to lifting any truss into place, it is often convenient to mark out the truss locations on the top plate, using the supplied truss layout for reference. Girder and truncated girder trusses should be set out first as they have specific, fixed locations. Dual purpose trusses such as truncated girder / girders need special attention as they may appear similar to other trusses which must not be used accidentally instead. Standard trusses must then be set out, taking care not to exceed the design spacing. Generally they would be evenly set out over runs of similar trusses. But it is also acceptable to space them at the design spacing and have a closing gap smaller than this - adjacent to a more heavily loaded truss, if possible. A gauging rod is very useful for setting out trusses.
3.3 LIFTING Trusses must always be lifted in a manner that minimises lateral bending stresses. It is preferable that they be kept strapped in bundles until they are erected, as this reduces the chances of damage. Trusses may be lifted either by crane, or manually. The choice will depend on the truss weight and wall height. They should be maintained in a vertical plane as much a possible when being handled individually. Trusses lifted by crane require slings or spreader bars as shown in the diagrams. Where trusses are place in bundles directly onto the top plate, it is imperative that they are supported by internal walls and that the supporting structure is stable in it’s own right. When erected manually, they may be slid flat over the side walls on skids spread at 3m intervals, then rotated vertically into position – supported at the apex and panel points to ensure that they do not distort or sag between supports during this process.
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004)
June 2005
5
3.4 FIRST TRUSS 3.4. Gable roofs On gable roofs, start with the gable truss which is located over or just inside the end wall. Then brace it back to the ground, or to some other stable part of the structure. Some gable end trusses are designed to sit on the end wall. In these cases, it must be supported at every bottom chord panel point along its length, as it cannot act as a clear span truss.
3.4.2 Hip and Dutch gable roofs On hip and Dutch gable roofs, start with the truncated girder, apex girder or Dutch hip girder truss and brace it back to the corner of the building as shown. It is important that this truss be correctly plumbed and aligned, as other trusses must fit exactly up against it. Where it is not feasible to install bracing of the first truss in the manner described, the first two or three trusses can be erected and cross-braced between them to form a stable unit.
3.5 SUBSEQUENT TRUSSES As each truss is installed, fix it to the top plate at the required location, usually indicated by setout marks, or by using a setout rule. Use a gauging rod and ties for spacing the trusses, and a string line along the apex to ensure correct alignment. It is important that trusses are lined up along the apex, not the heels. Any multiple ply trusses must be fixed together prior to being put unto position. If the truss fabricator has not done this at the factory, it is his responsibility to provide the information for fixings trusses together, and the erecting crews responsibility to ensure that this fixing is properly carried out.
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Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
3.6 ERECTION BRACING AND TOLERANCES As the trusses are erected, they must be braced longitudinally. This is to provide stability to the trusses during the erection process, and the bottom chord ties should be maintained in place after full installation is completed. However, the temporary top chord ties may be removed once the roof battens are adequately fixed in place. Refer to AS 4440-2004 for the full details for temporary bracing, however the following is a brief summary.
These tolerances will produce a good roof line, and the performance of the trusses will deteriorate rapidly if these are exceeded, producing excess deflections and overstress in the truss.
SECTION 4
ROOF BRACING
4.1 GENERAL The following recommendations allow for bracing of the roof system only and assume that the walls are stable in their own right. 3.6.1 Top chords Temporary braces at each top chord panel point. 50 x 25 F8 or MGP12 for heavy, tiled roofs 70x35 F5 or MGP10 for light, steel roofs 3.6.2 Bottom chords Temporary braces at all mid-panels (maximum 3.5m apart), but not required for creepers, jacks, hip trusses, Dutch hip girders and TG trusses with stations up to 3.6m. Use 70 x 35 F5 or better, fixed with 2/65 nails or 1/65 screw per truss crossing. Where the bottom chord is not laterally restrained by the ceiling, or by battens, ie exposed trusses or suspended ceiling, then the truss designer’s requirements must be strictly followed. 3.6.3 Tolerances Trusses shall be installed straight and vertical and in their correct positions. Bow – trusses shall be installed with bow not exceeding the smaller of span/200 nor 50mm.
Bracing to the trusses is essential to prevent buckling of members (chords and some webs), and to provide overall stability to the roof under all relevant loading conditions, including wind uplift where members may reverse from being in tension to being in compression. Care should be taken to ensure that all supporting structure bracing is in place prior to the trusses being installed.
4.2 BATTENS The bracing of top chords is achieved via the overlying battens or purlins. Battens are to be nailed to both outer laminates of any multiple ply trusses eg. double girders. Splice locations are restricted:• Not more than one third of the battens should be spliced at a single truss, and there must not be two splices adjacent to each other at any truss. • Areas in the vicinity of the ends of gable roofs, should be as free of splices as practical. • Splices are not permitted at girder trusses unless approved by the fabricator in writing. This restriction does not apply to truncated girder trusses, nor to girder trusses that are designed to have roof plane bracing that is independent of the battens. • Battens fixed to multiple ply girder trusses must be nailed into each outer ply forming the girder truss assembly.
Plumb – trusses shall be installed so that no part of the truss is out of plumb by more than the smaller or rise/50 or 50mm.
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2005)
June 2005
7
4.3 TOP CHORDS All trussed roofs require diagonal bracing to the top chords, which is typically at an angle of 30-45 degrees to the ridge line, measured on plan. Braces should be installed such that each main truss has a brace on it. Bracing is best located near the ends of buildings, and will be installed on both sides of the ridge line. Some typical examples are shown here, but full details are given in AS4440-2004. 4.3.1 SpeedBrace The bracing shown here is Pryda Speedbrace which has been specifically designed for this purpose and should be fixed with Pryda 35x3.15 nails.
Speedbrace Bend speedbrace over and fix with three nails to face of top chord Triple Grip, one to each side of truss
Triple Grip, one to each side of truss
Refer AS4440 for fixing to brick-wall plate
Speedbrace
Truss Boot
Speedbrace
4.3.2 Cantilevers It is essential that the force in the top chord bracing be transferred to the supporting structure. In cantilever trusses, this is achieved through the use of special details as shown in the diagrams.
Speedbrace Speedbrace Refer to AS4440 for end fixing details
Speedbrace continuous to truss heel
Refer to AS4440 for fixing to brick-wall plate
Refer to AS4440 for end fixing details Refer to AS4440 for fixing to brick-wall plate
Anchorage Point: Bend speedbrace to side of top plate and under plate. Fix with five nails to top plate. Nails shall not be closer than 10mm to the edge of the timber
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Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
4.3.3
Typical Bracing Details
4.3.4 Gable end roofs – spans up to 8m Refer to AS4440-2004 for details for specific roof shapes.
°
4.3.5 Gable end roofs – spans 8m to 13m Refer to AS4440-2004 for details for specific roof shapes. In some instances double bracing is required.
4.3.6 Gable end roofs – spans 13m to 16m Refer to AS4440-2004 for details for specific roof shapes.
Vertical bracing, see AS4440
Single or double speedbrace see AS4440
Double Speedbrace
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004)
June 2005
9
4.3.7 Hip end roofs – General The portion of the roof between hip ends, ie along the length of the ridge, shall be braced as per gable roofs.
4.3.10 Bell cast roofs The Speedbrace must be spliced at the breakline. (breaking pitch).
Speedbrace
Bracing requirements for jack trusses as per AS4440
Refer to AS4440 splice detail at break
4.3.8 Hip end roofs – jack truss The jack trusses within the hip end itself, including Dutch gable ends, shall be braced as follows.
Speedbrace
4.4 BOTTOM CHORDS Generally ceiling battens or ceiling fixed directly to the underside of the bottom chords are sufficient for bottom chord bracing. The ceiling itself acts as a diaphragm to transfer wind and bracing loads to cross walls. All bottom chord ties must be braced or fixed to the supporting structure. a) For trusses over 12m span, or trusses where there is no ceiling, additional bottom chord bracing will be required. b) Additional bottom chord bracing is also required where there are insufficient internal walls to brace the external load-bearing walls , or where large cantilevers are used.
Speedbrace
c) In these cases, bottom chord bracing can be similar to top chord bracing requirements.
4.3.9 Asymmetric or dual pitch roofs Consider each side of the ridge as a separate case, and use gable end details.
In each of these cases, the requirement must be checked by an experienced truss designer, and the details supplied by the fabricator. Speedbrace
Speedbrace
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Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
4.5 WEBS 4.5.1 Long webs Some webs must be braced if required by the truss designer. Generally this applies to long webs which are in compression during some part of the life of the structure. Typically this is a 70x35 F5 or MGP10 web tie located mid-length of the web. By itself it does nothing, so these web ties must be cross-braced back to part of the structure that can provide adequate resistance.
SECTION 5
TRUSS CONNECTIONS
5.1 GENERAL This section covers truss-to-truss connections, based on general domestic construction practices. Where nails are shown , screws of equivalent capacity may be substituted. 5.2 HIP ENDS The details shown here are for a maximum design wind of 50 m/sec (non-cyclonic). Refer to AS 4440-2004 for full details including up to 70 m/sec cyclonic.
Hip truss to truncated trusses Top chord - one framing anchor bent to suit, with 3.15 x 35mm reinforced-head nails into the side of each top chord for truncated girder.
4.5.2 End webs All trusses with end vertical webs not intersecting with another truss, will need end web bracing similar to the top chord bracing. Diagonal bracing from the top chord to the supporting structure should be provided at each end of each run of trusses as shown.
Detail A1 Jack truss to truncated girder truss Top chord - one framing anchor bent to suit, with 3.15 x 35mm reinforced-head nails into the side of each top chord for truncated girder. NOTE: For design wind speed speed up to 30 m/s, tile roofs, truncated girder with spans up to 8000mm and station up to 2400mm, detail C1 may be used.
Bend speedbrace over timber block and fix with five nails Bend speedbrace to side of top plate and under (if necessary). Fix with five nails to top plate. Nails shall be not closer than 10mm to the edge of the timber.
Bottom chord - three effective flathead 65mm nails each side of jack truss
Detail B1 Extended jack truss top chord to truncated standard trusses Two 65mm skew nails into the side of each top chord
Refer to AS4440 fixing to brick-wall plate.
Detail C1 Creeper truss to hip truss (maximum jack station 1800mm) Top Chord - three effective flat-head 65mm nails through jack truss top chord into hip truss to chord
Speedbrace fixed with two nails
Bottom chord - three effective flat-head 65mm nails through jack truss bottom chord to hip truss bottom chord
Detail D1 Creeper truss to hip truss (maximum jack station 3000mm) Top chord - fix as detail D1 plus one mitre plate with 3.15 x 35mm reinforced-head nails to each top chord
Bottom chord - three effective flat-head 65mm nails through jack truss bottom chord to hip truss bottom chord
Detail E1
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
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P R Y D A
R O O F
5.3 GIRDERS Where a girder truss is utilised to support the standard trusses perpendicular to it, they must be connected to the girder with special devices which :a) Support the loads b) Prevent separation of the girder bottom chord away from the standard trusses c) Prevent rotational force being applied to the standard truss. 5.3.1 Main girders Standard trusses may be fixed to the girder truss by a Pryda products. The fabricator will generally supply the appropriate bracket for each connection, or otherwise specify
T R U S S E S
5.3.2 Dutch Hip girders The waling plate must be fixed to the Dutch Hip girder truss in accordance with the details supplied by the fabricator. Refer to Pryda specifications for nailing or bolting
5.4 VALLEYS Where overlying members sit on the top chord of a truss, the nominated top chord restraint must still be maintained. This can be achieved with careful detailing as shown here.
Joist Hanger (For nailing details, refer to Pryda specifications)
Girder bracket / Truss boot
5.5 OVERHANGS It is important that overhangs are supported as intended by the truss designer. Refer to AS4440-2004 for full details. 5.5.1
Boxed Eaves
5.5.2
Verge Overhangs
For bolting details, refer to Pryda specifications
For connection details, refer to Pryda specifications
PRYDA AUSTRALIA
A Division of ITW Australia Pty Ltd
Head Office 2-10 Nina Link, Dandenong South, Victoria, 3175, Australia Tel: (03) 9554 7001 Fax: (03) 9554 7000 Email: [email protected] www.pryda.com.au
R O O F
T R U S S E S
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES FOR TIMBER ROOF TRUSSES
P R Y D A
R O O F
T R U S S E S
CONTENTS SECTION 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
SCOPE AND GENERAL GENERAL APPLICATION DOCUMENTATION SERVICES ANCILLARY TIMBER TRANSPORT AND STORAGE SAFETY
SECTION 2 2.1 2.2 2.3
SUPPORTING STRUCTURE GENERAL LOAD-BEARING WALLS NON-LOAD-BEARING WALLS
SECTION 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
TRUSS INSTALLATION GENERAL SET OUT LIFTING FIRST TRUSS SUBSEQUENT TRUSSES ERECTION BRACING AND TOLERANCES
SECTION 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
ROOF BRACING GENERAL BATTENS TOP CHORDS BOTTOM CHORDS WEBS
SECTION 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
TRUSS CONNECTIONS GENERAL HIP ENDS GIRDERS VALLEYS OVERHANGS
SECTION 1
1.2 APPLICATION This document intends to apply to nailplate timber trusses within the following general limitations :a) Residential structures and light commercial structures b) Maximum roof pitch 45 degrees c) Maximum truss span 16m d) Maximum design wind speed of 70m /sec for limit state design methods.
1.3 DOCUMENTATION It is the builder’s responsibility to supply all of the relevant information required for the truss designs. It is recommended that the fabricator confirms all details prior to manufacture. 1.3.1 Layout A roof truss layout must be determined prior to erection, with the following points considered : a) Check dimensions of the supporting structure prior to manufacture b) Check the truss layout to identify the trusses c) Check that the supporting structure is adequate for the loads to be applied, especially where girder trusses are located, and lintels
SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 GENERAL Timber roof trusses are engineered and manufactured to an exacting standard which require special handling, erection and bracing techniques. To ensure that the expected performance is achieved, it is imperative that all relevant parties are familiar with the requirements set out in this document.
The guidelines in this document are a sub-set of the full Australian Standard® AS4440-2004 “Installation of nailplated timber trusses”, and as such should be read in conjunction with this Standard. Pryda Australia acknowledges Standards Australia for permission to reproduce some of the drawings and technical content from within AS4440-2004.
2
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
1.5 ANCILLARY TIMBER Check that adequate ancillary timber is available where required (eg for temporary bracing).
1.6 TRANSPORT AND STORAGE During transportation, in either the flat or upright positions, the trusses must be fully supported, taking care whilst tying down to avoid putting undue strain on the truss members. Trusses should be stored on the job site clear of the ground and kept flat to avoid distortion. All trusses should be inspected on delivery, and any damaged trusses reported to the fabricator immediately to ensure correct rectification. Trusses must not be modified on site without the prior written approval from the fabricator.
1.7 SAFETY The installation of timber roof trusses must adhere to the relevant safety work practices for the general construction of roofs. This will require that barriers or safety lines be installed at the appropriate time. These systems must not modify the trusses, not put loads onto the trusses, unless prior written approval is provided by the fabricator.
1.4 SERVICES 1.4.1 Hot Water Services Hot water services are best supported directly on internal walls, but where this is not possible, and the trusses are required to carry this load, the trusses either side of the service may be spaced up to double the normal spacing, up to a maximum of 1800mm, with a double laminated truss either side of this service. In this case the service must be located midway between these two double trusses, sitting on bearers located within 300mm of a truss bottom chord panel point.
SECTION 2
SUPPORTING STRUCTURE
2.1 GENERAL To ensure a satisfactory roof line on completion, the supporting structure must be plumb, and the load bearing top plates level. Care must be taken to ensure that the supporting structure is adequately designed and stable in its own right. All trusses are to be fixed to the supporting structure with appropriate fixings, typically Pryda Multigrips, etc. The selection of the fixing depends on the magnitude of the wind uplift. Refer to Section 5 for details.
1.4.2 Solar Hot Water Services For solar powered hot water services, with internally or externally mounted water storage tanks, refer to the truss fabricator for appropriate details.
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004)
June 2005
3
2.2 LOAD-BEARING WALLS This is where the full load from the roof trusses is supported on walls - generally the exterior perimeter walls, but may occasionally also include some internal walls.
2.3.1 Fixing to top plates of non-load-bearing walls a) Bracing wall
Refer to AS1684 –1999 “Residential Timber-framed Construction” for the plate, stud and lintel sizes and installation details. Heavy, concentrated loads such as from girders and truncated girders are best supported directly over studs, with special attention given to the load pathway all the way down the structure to the foundations.
2.2.1 Lintels Lintels must be correctly sized and supported in order to limit deflection. Lintels supporting heavy, concentrated loads will require a specific engineering design.
2.3 NON-LOAD-BEARING WALLS Non-load-bearing walls shall not carry any truss loading at any time, and shall not be packed to touch the underside of the truss. It is common to set non-load-bearing walls lower than the supporting walls by an amount equal to the depth of the ceiling battens plus 10mm. The truss is still required to stabilize the top of the wall, and this is done by using Pryda Partition Hitches which are nailed near the top of the vertical slots. Do not embed the nail heads fully home, as we must allow the truss to settle downwards as time passes and the camber comes out of the truss.
b) Non-bracing wall
If internal walls are required for support, the truss itself and the layout shall be marked accordingly, and this intention must be made very clear. The supporting structure, including footings, should be checked by the builder to allow for this load. For a wall that is not designated as a bracing unit, the top plate of such walls shall be stabilised at 1800mm centres maximum..
4
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
SECTION 3
TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.1 GENERAL The following recommendations are guidelines only, as the details are the responsibility of the roof truss erectors. Also refer to the Australian Standard® AS4440-2004 “Installation of nailplated timber trusses” for greater detail.
When positioning cantilever trusses, take care that they are the correct way around. Such trusses will have markings on the bottom chord showing the point of internal support.
3.2 SET OUT Prior to lifting any truss into place, it is often convenient to mark out the truss locations on the top plate, using the supplied truss layout for reference. Girder and truncated girder trusses should be set out first as they have specific, fixed locations. Dual purpose trusses such as truncated girder / girders need special attention as they may appear similar to other trusses which must not be used accidentally instead. Standard trusses must then be set out, taking care not to exceed the design spacing. Generally they would be evenly set out over runs of similar trusses. But it is also acceptable to space them at the design spacing and have a closing gap smaller than this - adjacent to a more heavily loaded truss, if possible. A gauging rod is very useful for setting out trusses.
3.3 LIFTING Trusses must always be lifted in a manner that minimises lateral bending stresses. It is preferable that they be kept strapped in bundles until they are erected, as this reduces the chances of damage. Trusses may be lifted either by crane, or manually. The choice will depend on the truss weight and wall height. They should be maintained in a vertical plane as much a possible when being handled individually. Trusses lifted by crane require slings or spreader bars as shown in the diagrams. Where trusses are place in bundles directly onto the top plate, it is imperative that they are supported by internal walls and that the supporting structure is stable in it’s own right. When erected manually, they may be slid flat over the side walls on skids spread at 3m intervals, then rotated vertically into position – supported at the apex and panel points to ensure that they do not distort or sag between supports during this process.
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004)
June 2005
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3.4 FIRST TRUSS 3.4. Gable roofs On gable roofs, start with the gable truss which is located over or just inside the end wall. Then brace it back to the ground, or to some other stable part of the structure. Some gable end trusses are designed to sit on the end wall. In these cases, it must be supported at every bottom chord panel point along its length, as it cannot act as a clear span truss.
3.4.2 Hip and Dutch gable roofs On hip and Dutch gable roofs, start with the truncated girder, apex girder or Dutch hip girder truss and brace it back to the corner of the building as shown. It is important that this truss be correctly plumbed and aligned, as other trusses must fit exactly up against it. Where it is not feasible to install bracing of the first truss in the manner described, the first two or three trusses can be erected and cross-braced between them to form a stable unit.
3.5 SUBSEQUENT TRUSSES As each truss is installed, fix it to the top plate at the required location, usually indicated by setout marks, or by using a setout rule. Use a gauging rod and ties for spacing the trusses, and a string line along the apex to ensure correct alignment. It is important that trusses are lined up along the apex, not the heels. Any multiple ply trusses must be fixed together prior to being put unto position. If the truss fabricator has not done this at the factory, it is his responsibility to provide the information for fixings trusses together, and the erecting crews responsibility to ensure that this fixing is properly carried out.
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Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
3.6 ERECTION BRACING AND TOLERANCES As the trusses are erected, they must be braced longitudinally. This is to provide stability to the trusses during the erection process, and the bottom chord ties should be maintained in place after full installation is completed. However, the temporary top chord ties may be removed once the roof battens are adequately fixed in place. Refer to AS 4440-2004 for the full details for temporary bracing, however the following is a brief summary.
These tolerances will produce a good roof line, and the performance of the trusses will deteriorate rapidly if these are exceeded, producing excess deflections and overstress in the truss.
SECTION 4
ROOF BRACING
4.1 GENERAL The following recommendations allow for bracing of the roof system only and assume that the walls are stable in their own right. 3.6.1 Top chords Temporary braces at each top chord panel point. 50 x 25 F8 or MGP12 for heavy, tiled roofs 70x35 F5 or MGP10 for light, steel roofs 3.6.2 Bottom chords Temporary braces at all mid-panels (maximum 3.5m apart), but not required for creepers, jacks, hip trusses, Dutch hip girders and TG trusses with stations up to 3.6m. Use 70 x 35 F5 or better, fixed with 2/65 nails or 1/65 screw per truss crossing. Where the bottom chord is not laterally restrained by the ceiling, or by battens, ie exposed trusses or suspended ceiling, then the truss designer’s requirements must be strictly followed. 3.6.3 Tolerances Trusses shall be installed straight and vertical and in their correct positions. Bow – trusses shall be installed with bow not exceeding the smaller of span/200 nor 50mm.
Bracing to the trusses is essential to prevent buckling of members (chords and some webs), and to provide overall stability to the roof under all relevant loading conditions, including wind uplift where members may reverse from being in tension to being in compression. Care should be taken to ensure that all supporting structure bracing is in place prior to the trusses being installed.
4.2 BATTENS The bracing of top chords is achieved via the overlying battens or purlins. Battens are to be nailed to both outer laminates of any multiple ply trusses eg. double girders. Splice locations are restricted:• Not more than one third of the battens should be spliced at a single truss, and there must not be two splices adjacent to each other at any truss. • Areas in the vicinity of the ends of gable roofs, should be as free of splices as practical. • Splices are not permitted at girder trusses unless approved by the fabricator in writing. This restriction does not apply to truncated girder trusses, nor to girder trusses that are designed to have roof plane bracing that is independent of the battens. • Battens fixed to multiple ply girder trusses must be nailed into each outer ply forming the girder truss assembly.
Plumb – trusses shall be installed so that no part of the truss is out of plumb by more than the smaller or rise/50 or 50mm.
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2005)
June 2005
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4.3 TOP CHORDS All trussed roofs require diagonal bracing to the top chords, which is typically at an angle of 30-45 degrees to the ridge line, measured on plan. Braces should be installed such that each main truss has a brace on it. Bracing is best located near the ends of buildings, and will be installed on both sides of the ridge line. Some typical examples are shown here, but full details are given in AS4440-2004. 4.3.1 SpeedBrace The bracing shown here is Pryda Speedbrace which has been specifically designed for this purpose and should be fixed with Pryda 35x3.15 nails.
Speedbrace Bend speedbrace over and fix with three nails to face of top chord Triple Grip, one to each side of truss
Triple Grip, one to each side of truss
Refer AS4440 for fixing to brick-wall plate
Speedbrace
Truss Boot
Speedbrace
4.3.2 Cantilevers It is essential that the force in the top chord bracing be transferred to the supporting structure. In cantilever trusses, this is achieved through the use of special details as shown in the diagrams.
Speedbrace Speedbrace Refer to AS4440 for end fixing details
Speedbrace continuous to truss heel
Refer to AS4440 for fixing to brick-wall plate
Refer to AS4440 for end fixing details Refer to AS4440 for fixing to brick-wall plate
Anchorage Point: Bend speedbrace to side of top plate and under plate. Fix with five nails to top plate. Nails shall not be closer than 10mm to the edge of the timber
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Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
4.3.3
Typical Bracing Details
4.3.4 Gable end roofs – spans up to 8m Refer to AS4440-2004 for details for specific roof shapes.
°
4.3.5 Gable end roofs – spans 8m to 13m Refer to AS4440-2004 for details for specific roof shapes. In some instances double bracing is required.
4.3.6 Gable end roofs – spans 13m to 16m Refer to AS4440-2004 for details for specific roof shapes.
Vertical bracing, see AS4440
Single or double speedbrace see AS4440
Double Speedbrace
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004)
June 2005
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4.3.7 Hip end roofs – General The portion of the roof between hip ends, ie along the length of the ridge, shall be braced as per gable roofs.
4.3.10 Bell cast roofs The Speedbrace must be spliced at the breakline. (breaking pitch).
Speedbrace
Bracing requirements for jack trusses as per AS4440
Refer to AS4440 splice detail at break
4.3.8 Hip end roofs – jack truss The jack trusses within the hip end itself, including Dutch gable ends, shall be braced as follows.
Speedbrace
4.4 BOTTOM CHORDS Generally ceiling battens or ceiling fixed directly to the underside of the bottom chords are sufficient for bottom chord bracing. The ceiling itself acts as a diaphragm to transfer wind and bracing loads to cross walls. All bottom chord ties must be braced or fixed to the supporting structure. a) For trusses over 12m span, or trusses where there is no ceiling, additional bottom chord bracing will be required. b) Additional bottom chord bracing is also required where there are insufficient internal walls to brace the external load-bearing walls , or where large cantilevers are used.
Speedbrace
c) In these cases, bottom chord bracing can be similar to top chord bracing requirements.
4.3.9 Asymmetric or dual pitch roofs Consider each side of the ridge as a separate case, and use gable end details.
In each of these cases, the requirement must be checked by an experienced truss designer, and the details supplied by the fabricator. Speedbrace
Speedbrace
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Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
4.5 WEBS 4.5.1 Long webs Some webs must be braced if required by the truss designer. Generally this applies to long webs which are in compression during some part of the life of the structure. Typically this is a 70x35 F5 or MGP10 web tie located mid-length of the web. By itself it does nothing, so these web ties must be cross-braced back to part of the structure that can provide adequate resistance.
SECTION 5
TRUSS CONNECTIONS
5.1 GENERAL This section covers truss-to-truss connections, based on general domestic construction practices. Where nails are shown , screws of equivalent capacity may be substituted. 5.2 HIP ENDS The details shown here are for a maximum design wind of 50 m/sec (non-cyclonic). Refer to AS 4440-2004 for full details including up to 70 m/sec cyclonic.
Hip truss to truncated trusses Top chord - one framing anchor bent to suit, with 3.15 x 35mm reinforced-head nails into the side of each top chord for truncated girder.
4.5.2 End webs All trusses with end vertical webs not intersecting with another truss, will need end web bracing similar to the top chord bracing. Diagonal bracing from the top chord to the supporting structure should be provided at each end of each run of trusses as shown.
Detail A1 Jack truss to truncated girder truss Top chord - one framing anchor bent to suit, with 3.15 x 35mm reinforced-head nails into the side of each top chord for truncated girder. NOTE: For design wind speed speed up to 30 m/s, tile roofs, truncated girder with spans up to 8000mm and station up to 2400mm, detail C1 may be used.
Bend speedbrace over timber block and fix with five nails Bend speedbrace to side of top plate and under (if necessary). Fix with five nails to top plate. Nails shall be not closer than 10mm to the edge of the timber.
Bottom chord - three effective flathead 65mm nails each side of jack truss
Detail B1 Extended jack truss top chord to truncated standard trusses Two 65mm skew nails into the side of each top chord
Refer to AS4440 fixing to brick-wall plate.
Detail C1 Creeper truss to hip truss (maximum jack station 1800mm) Top Chord - three effective flat-head 65mm nails through jack truss top chord into hip truss to chord
Speedbrace fixed with two nails
Bottom chord - three effective flat-head 65mm nails through jack truss bottom chord to hip truss bottom chord
Detail D1 Creeper truss to hip truss (maximum jack station 3000mm) Top chord - fix as detail D1 plus one mitre plate with 3.15 x 35mm reinforced-head nails to each top chord
Bottom chord - three effective flat-head 65mm nails through jack truss bottom chord to hip truss bottom chord
Detail E1
Installation Guidlines For Timber Roof Trusses (to be read in conjunction with AS4440-2004) June 2005
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P R Y D A
R O O F
5.3 GIRDERS Where a girder truss is utilised to support the standard trusses perpendicular to it, they must be connected to the girder with special devices which :a) Support the loads b) Prevent separation of the girder bottom chord away from the standard trusses c) Prevent rotational force being applied to the standard truss. 5.3.1 Main girders Standard trusses may be fixed to the girder truss by a Pryda products. The fabricator will generally supply the appropriate bracket for each connection, or otherwise specify
T R U S S E S
5.3.2 Dutch Hip girders The waling plate must be fixed to the Dutch Hip girder truss in accordance with the details supplied by the fabricator. Refer to Pryda specifications for nailing or bolting
5.4 VALLEYS Where overlying members sit on the top chord of a truss, the nominated top chord restraint must still be maintained. This can be achieved with careful detailing as shown here.
Joist Hanger (For nailing details, refer to Pryda specifications)
Girder bracket / Truss boot
5.5 OVERHANGS It is important that overhangs are supported as intended by the truss designer. Refer to AS4440-2004 for full details. 5.5.1
Boxed Eaves
5.5.2
Verge Overhangs
For bolting details, refer to Pryda specifications
For connection details, refer to Pryda specifications
PRYDA AUSTRALIA
A Division of ITW Australia Pty Ltd
Head Office 2-10 Nina Link, Dandenong South, Victoria, 3175, Australia Tel: (03) 9554 7001 Fax: (03) 9554 7000 Email: [email protected] www.pryda.com.au